clear L: before vowels, in word initial, word medial ( leave let feel it will you silly yellow)

fully devoiced: unvoiced plosives in accented syllables PTK + L (play please close)

partially devoiced: unvoiced plosives in unaccented syllables (butler antler clarinet) unvoiced fricatives + L (fling flow half)

dark L: final position, after vowel (feel fill call) after a vowel, before a consonant (help cold milk)

R: in final position link  with the following word beginning with a vowel (far way for all)

fully voiced: followed by a vowel (raet red)

fully devoiced: accented unvoiced plosives + R (price cry try)

partially devoiced: fricative or voiced plosive (fry free)


linkin j: /i:, i, ei,ai, oi/ + vowel (enjoy it , me and you)

linkin w: /u, u:, au, shaw u/ + vowel (allow it ,you and me)

approximants: the organs of speech are close enough but do not touch themselves and they are similar to vowels becauser there is no obstruction of the air flow

semivowels: no obstruction of the air flow, prouced like a vowel but it occupated the place of a consonant so they have a marginal position


voicing: vibration of the vocal folds

devoincing: less vibration voicing


H: It is fricative  and is also considered approximant because the glottis assumes a narrowed position  


BILABIAL PLOSIVES /PB/ raised soft palate, nasal resonator shut off. Primary obstacle caused by the closure of the lips air compressed behind it, escapes abruptly once lips open apart.

ALVEOLAR PLOSIVES /TD/: raised soft palate, nasal resonator shut off. Closure made by tip and rims of the tongue against the upper alveolar ridge and side teeth.

VELAR PLOSIVES /KG/: raised soft palate, nasal resonator shut off. Obstacle made by        the tongue against the soft palate.

AFFRICATES: palato- alveolar /ts dg/ they are like plosives but the release stage is slower. Raised soft palate, nasal resonator shut off.. Closure made between the tip, blade and rims of the tongue and the upper alveolar ridge and side teeth.

AFFRICATIVES: cluster of a plosive and a fricative, produces  excesive friction in the release stage /TR/ /DR/

FRICATIVES: are produced by two organs come close together so that the air that scapes produced and audible friction

LABIO-DENTAL fricatives: /FV/ raised soft palate, nasal resonator shut off. Lower lips makes light contact with the edge of the upper  teeth air tha scapes producing friction.

DENTAL fricatives /th/ raised soft palate, nasal resonator shut off. Tips and rims of the tongue make a light contact with the top and front teeth

ALVEOLAR fricatives /sz/ raised soft palate, nasal resonator shut off. Blade and tip of the tongue makes amlight contact with the upper alveolar ridge and the side rims of the tongue make a close contact with the  upper side teeth.

PALATO-ALVEOLAR fricatives /she george/: raised soft palate, nasal resonator shut off. tip and blade of the tongue makes a light contact with the alveolar ridge Front of the tongue make contact with the  upper side teeth.

GLOTTAL fricative /h/ air passes thorugh the opening  in the vocal folds (glottis) producing audible friction

NASAL: total closure is made within the mouth , air scapes through the nasal cavity

BILABIAL NASAL /m/ toal closure using both lips like in /p,b/ the soft palate in a middle position.