* Osmosis: 2 solutions were realized when diferntes ionic concentrations are separated x 1 q semipermeable membrane lets water pass through x or not the ioneos.3tipos: isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic buffer system .*: In organisms should be ph d q the fluids do not change their systems bruscamente.Existen q d ph.Estos prevent these variations are based on the properties ac.debiles d, q do not dissociate completely, so, in an interval d ph acts as proton donor and acceptor d respectively, holding constant the pH within certain limites.De d Thus, certain salts and ac.correspondientes balance the ph.ej: HCO-3/H2CO (bicarbonate buffer) balances the extracellular environment .* d colloidal nature of matter: In beings living water acts as a solvent (dispersing phase) and the various molecules of the solute (dispersed phase). If molec.dispersas have diameters less than 10-7cm solutions are mixtures, x, or if between 10-7y2x10-5cm are a heterogeneous mixture called dispersions coloidales.Ej: protein . When Molec aggregates are invisible to the dispersant to the colloidal dispersion is called emulsion. According to the concentration b particles are Sol and Gel .* Carbohydrates: Are polihidroxialdheidos and its derivatives, as well as the substances resulting d condensation. "Properties: a) Physical: blancosolubles solid color skirt d xq can stablish H bridges with water. b) qimicas: dl presence carbonyl group makes them reducers / form links internal hemiacetals / tb glycosidic bonds and with causing a ster ac.fosforico forfora / present Isomeria a feature important to present the monosaccharides d Isomeria, types: 1) Isomeria d funcion.2) esteriosisomeria: x submit their atoms have different spatial arrangement x asymmetric carbons, ie carbon bonded to 4 radicals distintos.3) stereoisomers: the presence of asymmetric carbon determines d n monosaccharides optical activity in solution is not necessarily the DyL stereoisomers.

4) Amomeros: stas open forms are not present solutions linear structure the cyclization occur xq d molecules by reacting the aldehyde or ketone group with one hydroxyl group d always have q> d 5atomos carbon rings can form stables.Este s bond is called covalent and hemiacetil. Classification Carbohydrates: 1) dare: are Monoceros.2 ls) OSID: They are complex and are derived + d the osas.a) Holosidos: osas.incluye formed x union d: oligosaccharides: formed x the union d few Molec. D-disacáridos. important monosacaridos.Los + x Plisacaridos formed the unoion d muxas Molec of monosaccharides distinguish: homopolysaccharides (1mono) heteropolysaccharide (+ d1mono). B) Hetero formed two types d x carbohydrates and other components of different composition. Disaccharides: are formed union d x two Molec. d monosaccharides through a glycosidic bond and the loss d una Molec. H2O.El d 0-glycosidic bond, covalent, is established between the OH of the first monosaccharide and the second with losses OH d una Molec. d water eg sucrose, maltose, lactose, cellobiose.Polysaccharides: are high weight carbohydrates Molec. insoluble in water, which derive from the polymerization d monosaccharides.
A) homopolysaccharides: seforman x la union d d only one type monosaccharides. Starch: q polysaccharide reserve is stored in the Amyloplast d d tuberculos.Constituye an effective way to store energy glucosa.La idrolizando the starch is obtained by specific enzymes provide fragments q dixtrinas called amylase glucosa.Contiene yx ultimo q d is a polymer of alpha D glucose 1.4 joints q q form linear chains are arranged in a helicoidal.Soluble in agua.Tambien amylopectin linear chains but has branched 1-6.Insoluble in water. Glycogen structure similar to amylopectin but still + remificada. Linear polymer structure cellulose polymer helicoidal.Quitina d N-acetyl glucosamine with links beta d 1-dl 4.Ess one sonctituyente d insect exoskeleton.